Talking about the Safety Control and Management of Hot Work in Chemical Enterprises
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First, the fire and explosion danger zone
　　 An important task of on-site safety management of chemical enterprises is fire and explosion prevention. One of the important tasks is to define the division of fire and explosion danger areas in the production plant area. Among the various technical norms and standards that have been promulgated and implemented, although it is difficult to find a unified chemical industry fire and explosion-proof zone division standard, we can see some classification regulations involving similar hazardous areas, such as "Code for Fire Protection of Building Design" (GB50016) - 2006), "Code for Design of Electrical Installations for Explosive and Fire Hazardous Environments" (GB50058-92) and "Electrical Explosion Protection Specifications for Hazardous Locations" (AQ3009-2007), etc., for inflammable and explosive hazardous areas, fire and explosion hazardous environmental sites, etc. Clear regulations have been made and can be used as a basis for the specification.
　　 1. Fire and explosion hazard
　　 The Code for Fire Protection of Building Design (GB50016) classifies the fire hazard of production plants and warehouses according to the nature and quantity of materials involved in the production and storage process, and divides the production and storage sites into A, B, C, There are five types of fire hazards in Ding and E; generally, the places where chemical production, use and storage of Class A and Class B items are considered to be inflammable and explosive places.
　　 "Code for Design of Electrical Equipment for Explosive and Fire Hazardous Environments" (GB50058) According to the frequency and duration of the occurrence of explosive gas mixtures or explosive dust mixtures in the normal operation of production, the space of production and storage space is divided into explosive gas environmental danger zones ( Subdivided into Zone 0, Zone 1 and Zone 2 and Zone 2) and explosive dust environment hazardous zones (subdivided into Zones 10 and 11), and based on the possibility and consequences of fire accidents and their degree of danger and material status The fire hazardous environment is divided into three zones: Zone 21, Zone 22 and Zone 23; specific provisions for the classification of explosive gas environment, explosive dust environment and fire hazard environment are given. For space sites that are not classified as the above-mentioned explosive hazardous environment, they are non-explosive hazardous areas.
　　 The Code for Electrical Explosion Prevention in Hazardous Locations (AQ3009-2007) gives the following definitions:
(1) Explosive environment means that under atmospheric conditions, a gas, vapor, mist, dust or fibrous flammable substance forms a mixture with air, and after ignition, the combustion will be transmitted to the environment of all unburned mixture;
(2) Hazardous location means an area where an explosive atmosphere or flammable dust environment is present in large quantities or is expected to be sufficient to require special precautions for the construction, installation and use of electrical equipment; otherwise it is a non-hazardous location.
　　 2. Fire-ban zone and fixed fire zone
　　 (1) Definition of fire zone
　　 According to the above content, the correct division of the flammable and explosive places, explosive gas environment, explosive dust environment and fire hazard environment in the production area of ​​chemical enterprises is an important part of chemical production safety management; in the fire and explosion protection management work, in order to reduce fire and explosion In the event of an accident, the above-mentioned areas of inflammable and explosive hazardous environment shall be classified as “fire-proof zones†for management and control. In the fire-ban area, there is no permission from the safety fire prevention department, and there is no safety permit for fire work, and any form of hot work should be strictly prohibited.
　　 (2) Fixed hot fire zone
　　 Due to the needs of equipment maintenance, construction and construction work, it is often necessary to carry out hot work in the production plant area. In actual safety production management, in order to save time, reduce the cumbersome procedures of the fire safety operation permit and improve work efficiency, according to the site. The degree of fire hazard is determined by the fire department and the safety fire department registration and approval. One or several fixed areas in the non-explosive danger zone of the production plant are designated as hot fire zones, called fixed fire zones. The main conditions that should be met for the establishment of a fixed hot zone are:
　　 1 should be set in the upwind direction of the dominant wind direction in the flammable and explosive areas;
　　 2 Distance flammable and explosive production equipment, equipment, plant, storage tank area, Yinjing, drainage ditch, water sealing well, etc. should not be less than 30m;
　　 3 The indoor fixed fire zone should be separated from other parts by a physical firewall, the doors and windows should be opened outwards, and the passages should be unblocked;
　　 4 When the production is normally vented or an accident occurs, the combustible gas will not diffuse into the fixed hot-fire zone;
　　 5 It is not allowed to store flammable, explosive, combustible materials and other sundries in the fixed hot fire zone, and should be equipped with a certain amount of fire-fighting equipment;
　　 6 Fixed fire zone to set up a prominent sign, designated person responsible, and develop appropriate management methods.
　　 3. Other special circumstances
　　 Other areas outside the fixed fire zone in the production plant area shall be regarded as fire-ban areas. In the fire-fighting zone, there is no need for open fire facilities and other long-term operations that can generate flames, sparks and surface heat. For example, fires used in production processes, electric furnaces used in laboratories, electric heaters, alcohol stoves, ovens, etc. are also possible. However, in addition to the use of fire in the production process, any form of fire must apply for a "fire certificate"; the person in charge should be clearly identified with the person in charge, the period of validity, the location of the fire and the safety fire prevention measures. The fire certificate shall be examined and approved by the fire safety department. The fire certificate shall be valid for a maximum of one year. When using the fire, the fire certificate shall be hung near the fire point for future reference.
Second, hot work and its hierarchical management
　　 The hot work should strictly implement the standard "Safety Regulations for Hot Work of Chemical Production Units" (AQ3022 - 2008) and relevant regulations.
　　 The so-called hot work not only refers to the operation of welding and cutting and the use of open flames, but also uses welding, gas welding (cutting) for welding and cutting metal in the production plant area, and the use of blowtorch, electric drill, grinding wheel, open flame, etc. in flammable and explosive places. Temporary work that produces sparks, flames, and hot surfaces is known as hot work.
　　 1. Hot work classification
　　 According to the fire hazard category of the production site or part, the risk of fire and explosion accidents and the possible hazards, the hot work is generally divided into three levels: first-class hot fire, second-class hot fire and special hot fire. The specific classification is as follows:
　　 (1) Special hot fire refers to the hot work carried out in certain parts of equipment such as Class A and Class B production equipment, conveying pipelines, storage tanks, containers and other special dangerous places under production and operation conditions. In actual work, the production equipment does not replace the oily fire with the pressure fire, the oil storage tank and the oil pipeline, the hot fire of the flammable liquid storage tank area, etc., which have special dangers and are special hot work.
　　 (2) Level 1 hot fire refers to the hot work carried out in inflammable and explosive places. Usually nails, Class B fire hazard areas, that is, production, use, storage, handling, handling of inflammable and explosive materials or places where flammable and explosive flammable gases may be emitted and easily emitted. All the hot work in the fire protection distances between the production plants, production facilities, storage tanks, pump rooms, warehouses or yards, loading and unloading stations, sewage treatment sites, etc., which are open fires or sparks, belong to one For class fires, the fire distance shall be subject to the relevant provisions of the Code for Fire Protection Design of Petrochemical Enterprises (GB50160) or the Code for Fire Protection of Building Design (GB50016).
　　 (3) Second-level hot fire refers to hot work other than first-class hot fire and special hot fire. Generally, Class A and Class B production and storage facilities require hot work in other areas except for first-class hot fires and special fires, and hot work in C- and D-type fire-risk production sites are all secondary. Fire work.
　　 In addition, all production systems in the entire production plant, a workshop or a separate plant are all parked, and the production facilities are cleaned, neutralized, replaced, sampled and analyzed to meet the eligibility requirements, and the hot work after the isolation measures can be based on the fire hazard. The size of the sex is reduced to the secondary fire management in whole or in part; if there is a hot work under abnormal conditions such as holidays, holidays or production instability, the management should be upgraded; for all kinds of hot work areas, there should be relevant management systems. It is specified in the text and is marked on the floor plan of the factory.
　　 2. Fire safety work permit
　　 Any hot work in the production plant area shall hold a “fire safety work permitâ€; the fire safety work permit shall be divided into special hot fire safety operation certificate, first-level hot fire safety operation certificate and second-level movement according to the fire level. There are three types of fire safety operation certificates. The contents of the form are mainly:
　　 (1) Fire department, hot fire level, hot fire location, hot fire mode and time
Section, fire executor and person in charge of hot work;
　　 (2) analysis time, sampling time, location, analysis data and analysts;
　　 (3) Risk factor prediction and identification, safety technical measures, and safety measures
Person, person in charge of fire and fire guardian;
　　 (4) The first instance of the fire, the final judge of the fire, and the special fire will sign;
　　 (5) Before the fire, the post of the squad leader signed the signature and so on.
　　 3. Fire safety work permit approval
　　 The fire safety operation permit, in addition to carefully filling out its various contents, the applicants must strictly follow the procedures, and the responsible persons and examiners at all levels should strictly perform their duties to approve the signing opinions.
　　 The level of hot work is different, and the approval procedures for the hot work permit are slightly different. The regulations are:
　　 (1) After the special fire is reviewed by the enterprise safety (fire prevention) department, it shall be reported to the competent factory manager or chief engineer for final approval.
　　 (2) The first-level hot fire is the final approval of the safety (fire prevention) department of the factory after review by the workshop director of the fire-fighting unit.
　　 (3) The second-level hot fire shall be approved by the person in charge of the grass-roots unit of the fire-fighting part.
　　 The approving personnel at all levels must take full responsibility for the examination and approval of hot work. They must personally go to the scene to understand the location of the fire and surrounding conditions, review and determine the fire level, review and improve the fire safety measures, and review whether the approval procedures for the fire certificate are complete. You can sign and approve the fire after confirming that it meets the safety conditions.
　　 4. Fire safety work permit management
　　 The use of hot fire safety work permit requires attention:
　　 (1) The person in charge of the hot work should go to the site to check the implementation of the safety measures for the hot work, confirm that the safety measures are reliable and explain the safety precautions to the fire and the fire monitor before proceeding to start the operation.
　　 (2) Implement a hot fire operation and a hot fire safety operation certificate management.
　　 (3) The fire safety work permit shall not be altered or transferred at will, and shall not be used or expanded in different places.
　　 (4) The fire safety operation certificate is in triplicate; the first-level and special-fired fires are held by the workshop owner, the fire-fighting person and the competent safety (fire prevention) department; the second-level hot fire is approved by the approver. The fire-fighting and fire-fighting sites are each held in the workshop.
　　 (5) The validity period of the safety operation permit is generally: the effective period of the special hot work and the first-class hot work permit is not more than 8h; the effective period of the second-level hot work permit is not more than 72h, and the fire should be re-executed before the daily fire If the hot work exceeds the expiration date, it should be re-applied; the time limit calculation starts from the 30-minute hot work time that the fire hazard analysis does not exceed.
　　 (6) The hot fire safety operation certificate shall be filed after use, and the storage period shall be at least 1 year.
　　 Third, hot work safety control
　　 Regardless of whether it is a fixed fire zone or a fire-extinguishing zone, as long as the hot work is carried out, it is necessary to carry out pre-safe handling and preparation work. Firstly, the dangers caused by various dangerous and harmful factors, safety hazards and hot work at the hot work site are carried out. Identification, and the development of appropriate safety measures, should control the following main links:
　　 1. Safety pretreatment requirements
　　 (1) Where the production, storage devices, such as containers, equipment, pipes, etc., containing hazardous chemicals, and the production equipment in the production areas of Class A and B are on fire, they shall be completely isolated from the production system ( Disassemble a section of pipe or add a blind plate), and thoroughly clean and replace it (mainly with water replacement, steam replacement, air or other inert gas replacement) until the system is sampled and fired to meet the eligibility requirements; And the conditions of the equipment can not be cleaned, replaced, and the hot work that needs to be carried out should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of special hot work.
　　 (2) Where there is a hot work in the production areas of Class A and Class B, check whether there are inflammable and explosive combustible materials around the scene of the fire, whether there are hidden projects such as voids, wells, trenches, water seals, etc. Otherwise, clean up Reliable measures such as transferring or sealing sand caps; if the surrounding equipment is likely to leak flammable or combustible materials, effective isolation precautions should also be taken.
　　 (3) If the height of the working surface of the hot work is more than 2m from the reference surface, it is necessary to handle the high-level safety operation certificate in advance, and carry out various safety protection measures for climbing work according to relevant regulations.
　　 (4) If you enter a confined space for hot work, in addition to handling the fire safety work permit, you must also enter the restricted space safety operation certificate in accordance with the relevant regulations; at the same time, the corresponding equipment should be cleaned and replaced according to the relevant regulations. , neutralization, sampling analysis, etc. until the internal hazardous and harmful gas content reaches the safety standard, the oxygen content is within the range of 18%~21%, and the toxic gas concentration meets the “Standard Exposure Limits for Harmful Factors in the Workplace†(GBZ2 - 2002) The relevant requirements of the regulations, and in accordance with the relevant provisions to do a variety of safety protection measures.
　　 (5) During the hot fire, no flammable gas shall be discharged within 30m from the hot point; no flammable liquid shall be discharged within 15m from the hot point; no more than 10m within the fire point and below the fire point Work with flammable solvents such as cleaning or painting.
　　 (6) All operations that can be demolished to a fixed fire zone or other safe place for hot work must not be carried out at the production site.
　　 (7) When carrying out hot work near the in-plant freight logistics road or along the railway (within 25m), contact the relevant dispatchers and set up a notice board on site to pass or stay in the vehicle with dangerous chemicals. Stop the job immediately.
　　 2. Special hot work requirements
　　 Special hot fires are particularly dangerous and relatively open and controllable. If the hot work has uncertain and uncontrollable dangers, or is absolutely dangerous, it is absolutely impossible to take such a way to carry out hot work. In addition to safety preparation work, special fires for chemical companies should also pay attention to:
　　 (1) In the case of unstable production, no pressure and non-displacement of hot work shall be carried out.
　　 (2) Safety and feasible implementation plans for fires should be formulated in advance, safety and fire prevention measures should be implemented, and full-time fire brigade should be invited to on-site supervision if necessary.
　　 (3) Before the hot work, the production workshop shall notify the production dispatching department and relevant units to take appropriate emergency measures in case of abnormal conditions.
　　 (4) During the hot work, the system should maintain a positive pressure and no negative pressure hot work.
　　 (5) The ventilation air at the hot work site should be good so that the leaked gas can be smoothly discharged.
　　 3. Hot fire analysis result requirements
　　 (1) For the measured gas or vapor of the sample analysis, if the lower limit of the explosion limit range is greater than or equal to 4% (v/v), the measured concentration result shall be no more than 0.5% (v/v); if the lower limit of the explosion limit range 2%(v/v)。 When the concentration is less than 4% (V / V), the measured concentration should be no more than 0.2% (v / v).
　　 (2) For the mixed gas, the detection and analysis results of the gas components in which the lower limit of the explosion limit is the lowest are taken as the basis for discrimination.
　　 (3) For hot work on equipment that produces, uses, and stores oxygen, the oxygen content of the analysis shall not exceed 22% (V/V).
　　 (4) For hot work in a limited space such as entering the equipment, in addition to the hot-fire analysis according to the procedure, the content of toxic and harmful gases must be analyzed. The content of toxic and harmful gases should be lower than the maximum allowable concentration, and oxygen The content is in the range of 18% to 21% (V/V).
Fourth, the implementation of hot work site
　　 1. Hot fire safety analysis
　　 (1) The hot fire safety analysis should be carried out before the hot work, and the sampling of the hot fire analysis should be representative. The hot fire analyst should personally sample and analyze according to the requirements and on-site conditions, and be responsible for the analysis results. Fill in the sampling time and analysis results on the fire certificate and sign and approve.
　　 (2) In the case of hot work in a large equipment, sampling should be taken in the upper, middle and lower; in the case of a long material pipeline, the sampling should be carried out in a completely isolated area; In addition to the internal sampling analysis, the spatial environment within 10m of the surrounding area should be sampled and analyzed.
　　 (3) The interval between sampling time and hot work shall not exceed 30 minutes. If it exceeds this interval or the interruption time of hot work exceeds 30 minutes, it shall be resampled and analyzed. Monitoring should be carried out at any time during special hot work.
　　 (4) When using a portable flammable gas detector or other similar means for analysis, the test equipment shall be qualified by standard gas samples.
　　 2. Fire certificate application and on-site verification
　　 (1) The person in charge of the hot work should contact the relevant production workshop and section to clarify the equipment and location of the hot fire. In accordance with the relevant procedures for application, review and approval procedures, obtain a hot work safety certificate.
　　 (2) The executives of the hot work must hold the special work qualification certificate. When they get the fire certificate, they should “check†the hot work safety certificate, check the relevant matters on the spot, and clarify the location, time and scope of the fire. The fire plan, safety measures, on-site guardian, etc., check whether the approval procedures are complete and whether the measures are implemented, and if there is any non-conformity, have the right to refuse the fire. After the fireman verifies that the verification is correct, he should sign the "Safety Work Safety Certificate" and carry a copy for inspection.
　　 3. Hot work and its monitoring
　　 (1) When using gas welding or gas cutting for hot work, the acetylene bottle should be placed upright, and it is strictly forbidden to use it. The distance between the oxygen cylinder and the acetylene cylinder and the hot work place should not be less than 10m, and the distance between the two cylinders should not be less than 5m.
　　 (2) The fire-fighting person should check the intrinsic safety level of the fire-fighting equipment such as electric welding, gas welding, and hand-held power tools to ensure safety and reliability, and must not be used with sickness.
　　 (3) The person in charge of the hot work shall check the implementation of the safety measures for the hot work on the spot, confirm that the safety measures are reliable, and explain the safety precautions to the fire and the fire monitor before proceeding to start the operation.
　　 (4) The executor of the fire at the time of the fire shall strictly follow the relevant safety operation technical regulations and wear the labor protection articles in accordance with the regulations.
　　 (5) The fire-fighting guardian must adhere to the post, not allowed to leave the post, and is not allowed to do other work during the fire. Seriously monitor the fire at any time to eliminate the danger caused by the hot work. If an abnormal situation is found, the fire shall be immediately notified to stop the fire, and effective measures shall be taken in time and the relevant personnel shall be notified as appropriate.
　　 (6) During the hot work operation, sampling and analysis should be carried out at regular intervals, especially for special hot fires and dynamic fires in limited space. The sampling should be analyzed without interruption, the operation should be stopped immediately and the personnel should be evacuated; the work site can be processed to meet the conditions. You can continue your work.
　　 (7) The duty supervisor or the section chief of the workshop where the hot work is located is responsible for the connection and connection between the production and the hot work personnel. If there is an emergency or abnormal situation in the production system, the fire-fighting personnel should be notified immediately to stop the operation.
　　 (8) In case of bad weather, such as five-grade wind (including five-grade wind) weather, in principle, open-air fire operations are prohibited. When the production needs do require hot work, the hot work should be upgraded and managed.
　　 4. Post-war work
　　 After the hot work is completed, the fire and fire monitors and the personnel involved in the hot work should carefully clean up the site, remove the residual fire, clean up or transfer the garbage and corner scraps out of the operation site, and the fire monitor confirms that there is no residual fire. You can leave behind. After use, the hot work safety certificate will be submitted to the relevant department for archiving.
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--- PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS---
Material
Hole patterns
crocodile mouth, round raised hole, tears shape etc.
Thickness
generally 2mm, 2.5mm, 3.0mm
Height
20mm, 40mm, 45mm, 50mm, customized
Length
1m, 2m, 2.5m, 3.0m, 3.66m
Production technique
punching, cutting, bending, welding
Use